Overview of Real-Time Operating Systems for Developers in 2024
/ 4 min read
Quick take - In 2024, developers face a complex selection process for real-time operating systems (RTOS), with options like FreeRTOS being popular for microcontroller projects, while considerations such as hardware compatibility, performance needs, and project requirements play a crucial role in determining the most suitable choice.
Fast Facts
- In 2024, developers face a complex selection process for real-time operating systems (RTOS), with FreeRTOS being a popular choice for microcontroller projects due to its extensive platform support and direct hardware access.
- Simpler designs, like Big Loop™ and interrupt-based systems, may suffice for some applications, reducing the need for a full RTOS.
- Microsoft’s Azure RTOS has transitioned to the Eclipse Foundation as part of the Apache ThreadX open-source project, raising questions about its future support.
- A variety of actively developed open-source RTOS options exist, each with unique features and challenges, such as Contiki-NG for IoT and RIOT for its flexible build system.
- Key considerations for selecting an RTOS include hardware compatibility, build system requirements, documentation quality, and the balance between direct hardware access and hardware abstraction layers.
Choosing the Right Real-Time Operating System in 2024
In 2024, developers are presented with a wide range of real-time operating systems (RTOS) to choose from, each designed to cater to specific project requirements. The selection process for the optimal RTOS can be intricate due to the multitude of available options.
Popular RTOS Options
FreeRTOS stands out as a favored choice for microcontroller (MCU) projects. It is recognized for its extensive platform support, multiple scheduling options, and compatibility with various compiler toolchains. FreeRTOS is engineered to allow direct hardware access, minimizing interference with user code. This feature makes it particularly attractive for developers aiming to create efficient applications.
The article discusses varying levels of real-time performance. It suggests that simpler designs, such as Big Loop™ and interrupt-based systems, may sometimes be sufficient instead of a full RTOS. It also notes that certain RTOS options have been customized by manufacturers, which can significantly influence their features and support capabilities.
Microsoft’s Azure RTOS, formerly known as ThreadX, has transitioned to the Eclipse Foundation and is now part of the Apache ThreadX open-source project. This transition raises important questions regarding its future development and support.
Evaluating RTOS Options
When evaluating RTOS options, the choice often depends on the hardware platform. Platforms such as x86 or ARM Cortex-A may require desktop-like systems using RTOS options like VxWorks, QNX, BSD, or Linux. For applications demanding hard real-time performance, FPGA/CPLD-based solutions might be more suitable than traditional MCU-based approaches.
A comprehensive list of actively developed open-source RTOS includes Contiki-NG, OpenERIKA, MicroC/OS (Micrium OS), Nano-RK, NuttX, RIOT, Rodos, RT-Thread, TI-RTOS, TizenRT, Zephyr, ChibiOS/RT, and Apache Mynewt. Each of these systems presents unique challenges and advantages. For instance, Contiki-NG is tailored for Internet of Things (IoT) applications but requires Docker for development, with limited support for Windows. Conversely, RIOT boasts a flexible GNU Make-based build system and extensive documentation, making it more accessible for developers.
Key Considerations in RTOS Selection
Key considerations in selecting an RTOS include build system requirements, compiler compatibility, and supported programming languages. The need for direct hardware access versus a hardware abstraction layer (HAL) is also a factor. Availability of support and the quality of documentation are crucial considerations.
The abandonment of the Mbed project in July 2024 has created uncertainty about alternative options in the RTOS landscape. While FreeRTOS has proven effective in various projects, including those utilizing Espressif’s ESP32, developers are encouraged to prioritize simplicity in their designs. Avoiding unnecessary complexity can help prevent bugs and performance issues. Ultimately, the best choice of RTOS will depend on individual project requirements, budget constraints, and timelines, reflecting the diverse priorities of developers in the field.
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